War until persecution is no more - Quran Chapter 2- 193 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-236) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 193 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-236) - درس قرآن

War until persecution is no more

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

   وَقَٰتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّىٰ لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّهِ فَإِنِ ٱنتَهَوْا۟ فَلَا عُدْوَٰنَ إِلَّا عَلَى ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ (193  

193.  And fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is for Allah. But if they desist, then let there be no hostility except against wrongdoers.

193.  Wa  qaatiluuhum  hatta  laa  takuunu  fitnatunw – wa  ya-kuunad-Diinu-Lillaah. Fa-‘ininta-haw  falaa  ‘udwaana    ‘illaa  ‘alaz-zaalimiin.

Commentary

Qaatiluuhum – (fight them) it may be an indication towards the entire Infidels, but the religious scholars have aimed from it only the Idolaters of Makkah, because here; it appears the form of words toward them.

‘Ad-Diinu – (the Religion), this word is used for reward and punishment in Arabic, which means revenge, exchange. It has come for several meanings in the Holy Qur’an, that is to say, revenge, exchange, the way of conception and action, the religion, the worship of God Almighty and obedience etc.

It has been commanded in this verse that waging a war should be continued against the infidel persecutors and the enemies of Islam till the time; the persecution and the mischief go to end, the Rule of God Almighty overcomes, none should have the power to oppose or attack without just cause on the Rule of Allah Almighty and if any individual insults it then he should be punished properly and immediately.

Islam desires that the Rule of God Almighty should be public and common. The entire people including believers of other religions may pass their lives satisfactorily at their own places. Places of worship and prayers, and religious stations may remain safe from their tyranny. No hindrance may be produced in the path of Islam. This is the only one form with which Peace may be maintained in the world. Otherwise, persecution/mischief will continue raising its head always and the people may never remain in comfort. Islam has three options for it:

1.   Invite the people to embrace Islam. If they agree to believe that God Almighty is One, Muhammad (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him) is the last Messenger of God Almighty and the Day of Resurrection, then Allah Almighty will forgive their evildoing and they will get all equal rights of the Muslims in the Islamic society.

2.   If the people are not ready to embrace Islam, however, they promise to refrain from its opposition, then they may live fondly in the Islamic state. In this form, it will be the responsibility of the Muslims to provide them protection and security.

3.   If they don’t agree to the above mentioned two options and continue opposing the Rule of God Almighty, that is to say; they become mad in selfishness, then their decision should be finalized with the sword. Their punishment is not less than killing. Persecutors and enemies of the Peace can never be forgiven.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/YiFyj7w9EtQ

Act of honouring for “The Square Building” - Quran Chapter 2- 191c & 192 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-235) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 191c & 192 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-235) - درس قرآن

Act of honouring for “The Square Building”

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

وَلَا تُقَٰتِلُوهُمْ عِندَ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ حَتَّىٰ يُقَٰتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ فَإِن قَٰتَلُوكُمْ فَٱقْتُلُوهُمْ كَذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَٰفِرِينَ (191    c)

 فَإِنِ ٱنتَهَوْا۟ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (192  

191c.  And fight not with them at the Inviolable Place of Worship until they first attack you there, but if they attack you (there) then slay them. Such is the reward of disbelievers.    192.  But if they desist, then lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

191c.  Wa- laa tuqaatiluuhum  ‘indal-Masjidil  Haraami  hatta  yu-qaatiluukum  fiih.  Fa-‘in-  qaata-luukum  faqtuluuhum.  Kazaa-lika  jazaaa-‘ul-Kaafiriin.   192.  Fa-‘ininta-haw  fa-‘innAllaaha  Gafuurur-Rahiim.

Commentary

‘Indal-Masjidil  Haraami –(at the Inviolable Place of Worship), technically, area around several kilometers on all directions of the Temple of Makkah (the Squire Building) is called ‘Haram’. It is included also in its Determination (‘Ihraam) that neither the battle should be fought here, and nor shed the blood of any individual, even that ‘going a hunting’ is forbidden also.  

In the beginning of this verse, it has been described that ‘preventing from the religion, spreading the persecution/quarrel, vexing, unrest, plundering, destruction and forcibly pushing back from the religion are included in mischief. It should be pressed in every form, whether there is a dire need of slaying someone. If the war is not waged in the beginning to press the sedition, then by spreading of it day to day, it will take in fold the entire nation and country and then quarrels, disturbance, loot, unrest and bloodshed will begin. 

In this verse, it has been stated that if the enemies of Islam do not refrain from their mischief and begin waging a war into the limits of Haram (the Squire Building of Makkah), then you can fight also with them at that sacred place. During the normal circumstances, the battle and bloodshed is not allowed at the Inviolable Place of Worship (BaytUllaah) because this House is the Place of peace and respectable, but for suppressing the mischief; it has become so much necessary that it may come in the fold of war. It is the Punishment for the enemies of Peace that they should either be exiled from their native land or slain. However, if they refrain from mischief and persecution, forswear from evil-doings and misdeeds and come under the shelter of Islam, then you should not raise the sword over them. Moreover, consider them as your brothers because God Almighty forgives previous sins of the repentant.   

Three things have been proved from this verse:

1.   The Inviolable Place of Worship (the Squire Building of Makkah) is the place of peace. Killing and shedding blood should not be committed there.

2.   If anybody attacks; then the battle may be fought there. 

3.   Killing and striving is a collective obligation, so it has been commanded again and again in the plural form on each place in Holy Qur’aan.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/bDiCJht6O-w

Difference between persecution and killing - Quran Chapter 2- 191b (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-234) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 191b (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-234) - درس قرآن

Difference between persecution and killing

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

  وَٱلْفِتْنَةُ أَشَدُّ مِنَ ٱلْقَتْلِ (191b) 

191b.  for persecution is worse than slaughter.

191b.  wal-fitnatu  ‘ashaddu  minal-qatl.

Commentary

‘Al-fitnatu – (persecution, mischief), it has been derived from the word fatana. Its literal meaning is to put the gold into the fire for purifying. It means only “to put into the fire” too. Technically, it is used for the meanings of ‘trouble, difficulty, pain, test/trial and examination also. Besides this, it comes in the meanings of ‘to persecute them who are in the way of God Almighty, unrest, murder, plundering, and to push back forcibly from the religion too. In this verse it has been used as these last meanings.

Slaughter any individual is very great badness. But greater badness than it is ‘trying to snatch any individual’s independence by someone, as though; the right of the life, crushing their rights, the wish to remove a nation only for the purpose that she is displeased from the plurality and convinced with Oneness of God Almighty, the desire to spread infidelity and plurality in place of Unity (Oneness of God Almighty). If this persecution and mischief will not be removed, then its spreading, day by day, will become so common that any nation would not remain further. Moreover, the entire mankind will come into the entanglement of the fire of war, altercation and slaughter. So, if it is compulsory to kill a few people to bury the persecution, then there is no harm because a little sacrifice has no importance for stopping the great badness.

Islam is the religion which shows the path of humanity, good manners, the truth and the just, goodness and God fearing to the human being. So, opposing this religion is just like enmity against the humanity and to renounce it; is like denying the life. The individual, who falls back from Islam, invites his own destruction and ruin. So, who becomes separate from it, likewise goes into the mouth of death. Each that individual, who stops the people from the natural religion like Islam, is mischief-monger. If he will remain living, he will deform the morality and good works of the people. So, the existence of this enemy class of the humanity is unbearable. It is better to finish it, so that; one sheep may not spoil the entire. His mischievousness, hostile, enmity of peaceful preaching is synonymous of plundering the natural independence of the mankind. And at last, it will bring the world towards the persecution and mischief, massacre, rebellion and unrest. So, it is better to cut the root of it even now, before starting killing and bloodshed at the spacious range.

It is also worth considering that ‘to kick out from homes, to banish or slaughter’ are the matters for afterward, the real thing is; due to which; these things appear. So there is a need to cut the root for stopping the expulsion, banishment and bloodshed, and that root is persecution/mischief. All the forms of persecution and mischief should be removed, whether it becomes necessary to slaughter for them, because it produces the spacious killing. To spread the unjust, persecution is very bad thing and worse than slaughter also. So killing the mischief-makers is very great kindness over the humanity.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/ILNyeJXxgBY

Battle and banishment - Quran Chapter 2- 191a (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-233) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 191a (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-233) - درس قرآن

Battle and banishment

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

  وَٱقْتُلُوهُمْ حَيْثُ ثَقِفْتُمُوهُمْ وَأَخْرِجُوهُم مِّنْ حَيْثُأَخْرَجُوكُمْ (191  a) 

191a.  And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out,

191a.  Waq-tuluuhum  hay-su  saqif-tumuuhum  wa  ‘akhrijuu-hum-min  hay-su  ‘akhrajuukum

Commentary

‘Uq-tuluuhum – (slay them, kill them), hum means those people who have come out for battle. This command is not for all the times but it is only for the duration of the war.

Hay-su  saqif-tumuuhum – (wherever you find them), that is to say; the people; who fight against you and kill your people, you should slay them wherever you find them in the battlefield, at that time, you should not stop your hands.

Min  hay-su  ‘akhrajuukum – (the places whence they drove you out), it indicates towards Makkah – the Infidels and Idolaters drove the Muslims out from Makkah.

The command regarding slaying, fighting and striving has been mentioned in this verse. The enemies of Islam try every time that the Muslims should not raise. They should be removed from the surface of the earth. Therefore, existence of the people like these enemies is cause of danger for the Muslims every time. So wherever the Muslims overcome upon them, if they do neither like to live as peaceful citizens and nor shun from the wickedness, then they should be slain.

   

Prophet Abraham (peace be upon Him) constructed the Temple of Makkah (BaytUllaah, the Square Building) for the purpose that the entire people of the entire earth should come for purely worship of God Almighty. His real heirs were Muslims, because only they were the representatives of the religion of Abraham (peace be upon Him) out of the entire nations, and were regular on the Divine Law of God Almighty and the true religion. The Muslims wished to make it the Center of the Religion Islam from the beginning. But the Infidels and the Idolaters opposed the Muslims. They stood in their way, prevented them to speak the truth, oppressed and tyrannized them. Even that; they exiled the Muslims from Makkah.

Leaving their native land and the center; the Oppressed Muslims came to Madinah for living.  The Infidels didn’t let them live in peace there also, committed different kinds of conspiracies, continued vexing and opposing them, prevented the Muslims from Pilgrimage, hindered extremely in Islamic invitation, and began attacking on Madinah. In such circumstances, the Muslims were commanded that they should slay those kinds of Infidels wherever they are found. And they should be exiled for getting back the native land and spiritual centre, because their harassment had crossed the limits.  

The life of a Muslim is a correct model role for the humanity. He is follower of the natural religion i.e. Islam. He is a flag-holder of excellent manners with his word and deed. Being pattern of the perfect humanity, he should be provided the right of living with full freedom. Neither Islam snatches freedom of anyone, nor can sacrifice its own freedom, nor can tolerate any constitution like this, way of life and system; which might be peace-breaker, false worshiper, enemy of God, and cause of dishonor for the nobility and humanity.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/dB5Q7uzmqbc

War in the Path of God - Quran Chapter 2- 190 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-232) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 190 (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-232) - درس قرآن

War in the Path of God

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

 وَقَٰتِلُوا۟ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّذِينَ يُقَٰتِلُونَكُمْ وَلَا تَعْتَدُوٓا۟ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُعْتَدِينَ (190  

190.  And fight in the Way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin not hostilities. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors.

190.  Wa  qaatiluu  fii  sabiiLIlaahil-laziina  yuqaatiluunakum  wa  laa  ta’-taduu.  ‘Innallaaha  laa yuhibbul-mu’-tadiin.

Commentary

Qaatiluu – (fight), this word has been derived from the word Qataal, which means ‘to fight’. The Muslims are being commanded at the stage when the enemies and oppressors of Islam have had tyrannized them. This oppression was not only for a few days, but they were being oppressed for last thirteen years during the stay in Makkah. Having patience in reply of aggression and cruelty of Infidels, when the Muslims left their homes and native land, and colonized in Madina, then after so long and hard trial, they were permitted to fight against the enemies for protection which was due to their attacks and the act of vexing also again and again.

   

Fii  sabiiLIllaahi – (in the Way of God Almighty), that is to say; not for their own need, but only to repute the name of Allah Almighty, to efface the plurality, to support the Right Religion and to attain the pleasure of God Almighty.

‘Al-laziina  yuqaatiluunakum – (those who fight against you), namely; those people, who raised the weapons over you. There have been revealed two things from these words:

1.   The war was neither begun first by the Muslims and nor they were to be so. All the battles fought by the Muslims against the Infidels, in which Holy Messenger (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him) participated, were only for defense and protection purpose.

2.   The war would only be fought against those people who participate practically in it. The entire old people, children, women, patients and impartial individuals are excluded. It is not lawful in Islam to fight against them. However, all enemies are included in ‘Al-laziina  yuqaatiluunakum who are busy in preparations against Islam and the Muslims, and are helping the enemy fighters in any form.

Laa  ta’-taduu – (don’t begin hostilities), this word has come out from the word ‘i’-ta-daa, which means ‘to advance from the just’ and go forth from the limits. It may have many forms:

1.   The meaning of ‘the Limits’ can be the limits of Divine of the Religion, for instance; to kill also those persons of enemy nation emotionally as revenge and anger, who have not participated in the battle, to burn their crops, gardens and fruit-bearing trees and to kill their speechless animals.

2.   Aim of ‘the limit’ may also be the limit of agreement, for example; ‘not to care also the agreements personally; following the other nations and attacking by starting breach of faith to their promise’.

3.   One other form of crossing ‘the limit’ may be ‘to fight for any other cause or purpose than Fii  sabiiLillaahi (in the Way of God Almighty)’.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/NfmfkgrhmR0

A tradition of the times of pagan - Quran Chapter 2- 189b (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-231) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 189b (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-231) - درس قرآن

A tradition of the times of pagan

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

     وَلَيْسَ ٱلْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا۟ ٱلْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَٰكِنَّ ٱلْبِرَّ مَنِ ٱتَّقَىٰ وَأْتُوا۟ ٱلْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَٰبِهَا وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ  (189  b) 

189b.  It is not righteousness that ye go to houses by the backs thereof (as do the idolaters at certain seasons), but the righteous man is he who wardeth off (evil). So go to houses by the gates thereof, and observe your duty to Allah, that ye may be successful.

189b.  Wa  laysal-birru  bi-‘an-  ta’-tul-  bu-yuuta  min- zuhuurihaa  wa  laakinnal-birra  manittaqaa.  Wa’-tul-bu-yuuta min  ‘abwaabihaa;    wat-taqullaaha  la-‘allakum  tuflihuun.

Commentary

Before Islam, it was a tradition during the times of ignorance that when the people of Arab used to make a vow of Pilgrimage (during the days of Hajj, they used to consider it inauspicious and ill-omened for entering into their houses through the gates/doors. Moreover, they used to enter making doors in the back walls of their houses or climbing on the roofs from the backyard of their houses and leap in their houses. They used to suppose it themselves a great worship and respect of the temple of Makkah, the Squire Building (Ka’-bah). Looking them doing so, some Companions (may God Almighty be pleased with them) of the Holy Messenger (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him) were fallen also in this misunderstanding and deemed against the respects of “the Act of Interdicting” to enter through the doors of their houses in the Determination dress.

In this verse, this misunderstanding has been removed and told that righteousness is not in it that you enter your house from its back and the righteousness is not in it also to consider worship “to any self invented description. Moreover, it is the righteousness that the Orders of God Almighty are obeyed, you should be frightened from disobedience of His Commands, be temperate from evil doings and whenever you wish to enter your house, come in from its door/gate, give up ancient traditions and self-invented concoctions/wrongs and act upon the Guidance of God Almighty.

It has also been cleared from it that those all actions, which are not verified or supported by Holy Qur’an and the Sayings of Holy Messenger (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him), taking them as worship in personal heart and admitting them as the Divine law of the religion or making them compulsory over personal life are sins and that is called heresy.

Then it has become evident also that the real righteousness is the fear of God Almighty, that is to say; embracing His Orders wholeheartedly and acting upon them, fearing from disobedience of Allah Almighty and being saved from His forbidden matters. This righteousness is required by God Almighty and this is the touch-stone of mankind’s’ actions and his life’s goodness and badness.

   

At the end, it has been expounded that the consequence of the righteousness like this is perfect success and achievement of the object. This verse reminds us again that how much fear of God and success has deep relation among each other. The Fear of God Almighty is the basic principle of fame/respect and comfort forever in the both Worlds.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/axUK7Uk7cmc

Lunar calendar - Quran Chapter 2- 189a (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-230) - درس قرآن

Quran Chapter 2- 189a (Pt-2, Stg-1) (L-230) - درس قرآن

Lunar calendar

Surah ‘Al-Baqarah (The Cow) – Chapter – 2)

‘A-‘uu-zu  Billaahi minash-Shay-taanir- Rajiim. 
(I seek refuge in God from Satan the outcast.)

Bis-Millaahir-Rah-maanir-Rahiim.
(In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.)

  يَسْـَٔلُونَكَ عَنِ ٱلْأَهِلَّةِ قُلْ هِىَمَوَٰقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ وَٱلْحَجِّ (189   a) 

189a.  They ask thee, (O Muhammad), of new moon. Say: They are fixed seasons for mankind and for the Pilgrimage.

189a.  Yas-‘aluunaka  ‘anil- ‘Ahil-lah.  Qul  hiya  mawaa-qiitu  lin-naasi  wal-Hajj.

Commentary

 ‘Ahil-lah – (the new moon), ‘Ahil-lah is plural of Hilaal. About the moon, the questions of the people were nearly like, “first rising of the moon, then it’s increasing date-wise and then it’s decreasing date-wise, and then until the time of it’s disappearing – why it is so? And what is the reason of these changes?

Mawaaqiitu – (times, seasons), it is plural of miiqaat which means prescribed time or instrument and a measure of the time.

The changes, which come in the moon, those may be commonly seen and felt. It is a natural thing; asking about these things by the mankind because he remains restless for getting more and excessive knowledge. Some people asked from the Messenger of God Almighty (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him) about the reasons of increase and decrease of the moon: What are the causes of rising and disappearing of it? The Prophet (grace, glory, blessings and peace be upon Him) responded these questions with the inspiration of God Almighty: The advantage of increasing and decreasing of the moon is that it becomes easy to fix the days, dates, months and years for the worldly matters and lawful accounts of the people with it.

The foundation of the worshiping whims and ascribing plurality to Allah Almighty would be cut with this clear description of the Holy Qur’an. Many nations of the world used to adore the moon. These like nations adored the new moon believing it demi-god. Increasing of the moon was considered blessed and the decreasing as wretched. So those people did not use to even marry during the last dates of the moon. The Holy Qur’an declared the purpose of increasing and decreasing of the moon; that the times and period for working by the human beings can be fixed easily with it. It helps also in worships and lawful accounts besides the worldly matters. The word Hajj (Pilgrimage) has been used particularly here because it was a very important part of the lives of Arabian people.  

  

Due to some extra advantages in the Lunar account; the Holy Qur’an has preferred it from the Solar account:

·       In the solar calendar, many difficulties happen because it remains in the same condition. Which ordinary change comes due to rising of the sun and its setting, the people cannot guess it.

·       Availability of well acquainted person, who keeps the correct solar account, is much difficult in backward and uncivilized territories.

·       Everybody (literate and illiterate) can estimate the time and date due to regularly equal changes in the conditions of the moon.

·       The weather doesn’t affect on the rising of the moon and its setting. So different months come in different weathers on the entire earth and the Muslims of every country and territory can perform their worships turn by turn in every season.

Transliterated Holy Qur’an in Roman Script & Translated from Arabic to English by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Lesson collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islaah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated Urdu to English by Muhammad Sharif). https://youtu.be/JFvKWeWZCbQ